ADOLESCENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SELECTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN ILE IFE OSUN STATE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content                                                                                                                                   Page

Title page                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                       ii

Dedication                                                                                                                iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                 v

Abstract                                                                                                          vi

Table of Contents                                                                                                vii

List of Tables                                                                                                         ix

List of Figures                                                                                                         x

List of Appendices                                                                                                 xi

List of Acronyms                                                                                                    xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                    1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                           2

1.3       Objective of the Study                                                                               3

1.4       Research Questions                                                                                         3

1.5       Hypotheses                                                                                                3

1.6       Scope of the Study                                                                         4

1.7       Significance of the Study                                                                        4

1.8       Justification for the Study                                                                    4

1.9       Operational Definition of Terms                                                             5

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Content                                                                                                              page

2.0 Introduction                                                                                                  7

2.1 The Adolescent                                                                                             8

2.2  Prevalence of sexual violence  among adolescents.                                   9

2.3 Child sexual abuse10

2.4Causes of sexual Violence                                                                          12

2.5 Prevention of sexual violence                                                                       12

2,6 Effect of sexual violence                                                                            17

2.7 Experience of sexual violence                                                                      21

2.8 Burden of sexual violence in Nigeria                                                          24

2.9 knowledge of sexual violence                                                                     26

2.10 Role of community health nurse in reducing sexual violence        27      

2.11 Theoretical frame work                                 28

2.12 Conceptual model                                                                                      31

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0       Introduction                                                                                              33

3.1       Research Design                                                                                33

3.2       Population                                                                                       33

3.3       Sample size and sampling Technique                                                       34

3.4       Instrumentation                                                                                           35

3.5        Validity of Instrument                                                                 36

3.6       Reliability of Instrument                                                                      37

3.7       Method of Data Collection                                                                           37

 Content                                                                                                        page

3.7       Method of Data Analysis                                                                     37

3.8       Ethical Consideration                                                                         38

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction                                                                                               39

4.1 Demographic analysis of respondents                             39

4.2 Knowledge of adolescents on Sexual violence              40

4.3 Answering of Research questions                                                                42

4.4 Experience of sexual violence                                       46

4.5  Hypothesis testing                                                    51

4.7   Discussion of findings54

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0       Introduction                                                                                                  57

5.1       Summary                                                                                                 57       

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                         58

5.3       Recommendations                                                                         58

5.4       Limitation of the Study                                                                      59

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Distribution of Respondents by school and level of study  35   

4.1 Distribution of Demographic Variables                              40

4.2 Distribution of Respondents ‘on source of knowledge of  sexual violence     41

4.3 Distrbution on respondents knowledge on sexual violence                                                    42

4.4  Computation of Respondents’ level of Knowledge on sexual Violence43

4.5  Distribution of respondents Knowledge of risk reduction in preventing

sexual violence      45           

4.6  Distribution of Adolescents’ Experience of Sexual Violence among Respondents46

4.7 Distribution of  Adolescents form of experience of sexual violence.48

4.8  distribution of adolescents nature of experience of sexual violence                             50

4.9Distribution of Adolescents’ Reaction to  Experience of Sexual Violence51

4.10 Chi Square for adolescent age And knowledge                                                                     52

4.11 Anova  of socio economic status and experience of sexual violence                              53

4.12Pearson Correlation for knowledge and experience of Sexual Violence.                              53

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                                                                        Page.  

2.1      Model for theory of  reasoned action                                                     30

4.1     Pie chart  showing respondents distribution of  knowledge.             44

APPENDICES

Appendix                                                                    Page

1:         Questionnaire used in this Study                                                   61       

2:         Informed Consent Form                                                               67

3:         Ethical Clearance Certificate                                                            69

4:         Letter of Introduction                                                                    70

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CDC;Center For Disease Control.

CARE; Community Awareness Rape Education.

SES;Sexual Experience Scale

WHO; World Health Organization

YBSS;  Youth Behavior Screening Survey.

                                                   CHAPTER ONE

                                                    INTRODUCTION

  •  Background to the Study

Sexual violence is a major dehumanizing and serious emerging public health problem. It is also a social problem that affects thousands of people each year throughout the world, and adolescents seem to be the most affected victims due to their vulnerability (Center for Disease Control, 2011). About one hundred and fifty  million girls below the age of 18 are said to have  had experience of some  form of sexual abuse  (WHO, 2012).  Researches also shows that 6 out of 10 sexual violence actions is done against girls between the age of fifteen or  younger. Despite these high figures, they are still an underestimation of figures as a good number of sexual violence cases are never reported to the relevant establishment due to fear, shame and bias. (Sandra & Bloom, 2005).  The male counterparts are not left out as well, although females seem to bear the largest brunt of the problem. Sexual violence can have long lasting, harmful consequence on it victims, their relatives, friends, and communities.

 WHO (2012), described sexual violence as any attempt to achieve  a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments, or advances, or act to traffic or otherwise directed against a person’s sexuality using force, by any one  regardless of their relationship to the victim in any setting including   home, school, and work, (Krug, Mercy, Dahlberg, & Zwi, 2002). It involves actions that range from verbal harassment to forced penetration, with various types of social intimidation. Sexual violence is a common phenomenon and occurs worldwide.

Data available suggests that in some countries one in five women report sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to a third of girls report forced sexual initiation (Odu, Falana, & Olotu, 2014) Sexual assault encompasses a range of acts, including coerced sex in marriage and dating relationships, rape by strangers, organized rape in war, sexual harassment (including demands of sex for jobs or school grades), and rape of children, trafficking of women and girls, female genital mutilation, and forced exposure to pornography. It is any act (verbal and/or physical) which breaks a person’s trust and/or safety and is sexual in nature  (Dahlberg & Krug, 2002).

Adolescent women are at a higher risk for sexual violence than any other age group. Globally 40-47 percent of sexual violence is done against girls age 15 and younger. Child sexual abuse accounts for 7% to 8% of the mental health disease burden amongst females globally  (Degue et al, 2014).Studies shows that a large number of date/acquaintance rape accounts for major cases of sexual violence. Poor awareness of the menace among this age group is a major identified risk factors increasing their vulnerability (CDC, 2014). Due to past or ongoing sexual abuse, abused teens are more likely than their non-abused peers to participate in “delinquent” teenage behaviors including those which result in social problems, conflict with authority, early sexual behavior, and eating problems, teenage pregnancy, and other high risk behaviors. (Darlinghton 2014). It is also note worthy that Most reported cases of sexual violence in Nigeria happens to victims of less than 18 years of age  (Adepoju, 2012)

Thus, putting Adolescents at a greater risk of victimization in sexual violence issues. In preventing this menace efforts must be made to reach both the perpetrators and the victims. This is because programs planned towards creating awareness on sexual violence would probably reduce perpetrators choice of committing sexual violence crimes and victims risk of falling into such acts. Therefore assessing the knowledge and experiences of adolescents is imperative in gathering baseline data that would aid appropriate intervention program that is aimed at primarily preventing sexual violence incidence in a developing country like Nigeria were resources to manage cases are limited.

  •  Statement of the Problem
ADOLESCENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SELECTED PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN ILE IFE OSUN STATE